Homosexual Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homosexual Stereotypes - Essay Example Homophobia is a feeling of apprehension, worry, aversion, abhorrence and revulsion with the act of being homosexual. This fear and apprehension let the heterosexual believe that the homosexuals are inferior beings and their attitudes, their behaviours, their societal articulation, media and other texts project this. When the homosexuals experience such a dislike and abhorrence, they either have then nothing to do except to hide their sexual orientation or led a life of an inferior being. This inferiority complex when materializes, it hinders these individuals to get to know themselves and accept what they truly are. The problem of homophobiais the result of many false propaganda and many myths about homosexuals and the societal non-acceptance of these attitudes, at some places in the name of law, and at other in the name of religion. Dirty gay 'jokes' and other physical and oral persecution lead many to commit either suicide or to hide their orientation all through their lives. While the available studies have shown post-dissolution relationships to be important and challenging to formerly dating partners, more research on these relationships is needed. Initial descriptions of post-dissolution relationships (Metts, et al, P. 265-278, 2002; Schneider & Kenny, 451-466, 2000) and the role of post-dissolution relationships in social networks (Foley & Fraser, 1998) utilized samples of heterosexual ex-partners only. In other aspects of relating, same-sex and opposite-sex, romantic relationships have been found to share more similarities than differences. Specifically, similarities between same-sex and opposite-sex romantic relationships have been found in studies of closeness (Peplau & Cochran, P.321-349, 2002), commitment (Duffy & Rusbult, 1-23, 2000), jealousy, love level, maintenance behaviours (Haas & Stafford, 1998), satisfaction and sexuality. Yet, because same-sex romantic relationships exist in an environment that often does not condone, rarely encourages, and offers few relational role models, the differences in the social context of same-sex and opposite-sex romantic relationships may lead to significant differences between the qualities of and influences on the two types of post-dissolution relationships. Many people believe that these gays are bad or else they are deviant heterosexual individuals. There is a wide degree of intolerance towards gay men. This is due to extensive negative image propagation in the media, the defiance and indifference of church towards the religious orientation of these men and women and stereotypes of a rigid society. The heterosexual individuals commonly take these stereotypes, regarding the homosexuality and the inferiority of gays, as true. As Arthur Dong illustrated in his documentary titled "Licensed to kill", he showed that these stereotypes appear and increase social

Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Essay Example for Free

Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Essay Homosexuality, at least from the point of view of history, has seen many ups and downs. In fact, homosexuality itself could not be easily classified to be similar from other various racial or segregation issues such as skin color, language, culture, or religion because those factors have constantly experience negative treatments in the password in homosexuality, has been pointed out by the literature, has enjoyed relatively different approaches to pending on the culture, the timeline, and even the historical context where it is being applied. For example, from the point of view of historians and document literature on the subject of anthropology, researchers have uncovered that homosexuality is not a fairly recent occurrence but rather can be traced back as far back as documented history can show itself. For example, in ancient Greek, Celtic, and even prehistoric cultures such as the Indus Valley civilizations and prehistoric Egyptian cultures, homosexuality was already an occurrence that has been around and was actually freely accepted by the society where it was operating in. In fact, in anthropological texts and research, the subject of homosexual behavior may be from the point of view of romantic relationships, sexual interaction, and even family institution was freely accepted in those societies where in a significant measurement of civilization can be made (Isay, 2009). However, one commentary and theory on why homosexuality has arrived to the point of judgment and negative perception it has today has been pointed out by research as a result of strict monotheistic religious beliefs and Scripture. The three dominating monotheistic religions today on Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. And, both from popular convention and in the understanding of religious texts as well as the popular opinions of the leaders of the faiths, homosexuality ranges from a taboo concept in the reality of society towards even complete banning and be integrated into the religious thought to be illegal and Heretic. In fact, Islam, being one of the most powerful religions today because of its influence not only in Middle Eastern countries but also in other geographies such as Asia and other Western countries as well, having strict laws against homosexuality and homosexual behavior, continues to influence perception such that many new generations which follow that religion and that faith, although already relatively involved in global issues and global perception because of the Internet and other information communication technology, still look at homosexuality to be illegal and heretic act and concept because their religion states it to be so. In fact, in all three faiths, a popular Scripture is the city of Sodom and Gomorrah where in the monotheistic God of these religions punish this city because of its homosexual acts such as sodomy and the like. However, as researchers have also indicated, religions which are not classified under the leading monotheistic beliefs have basically taken homosexuality to be either a normal occurrence in human beings or have at least ignored the subject completely where its practitioners are able to say from a very point of view and spectrum that their faiths and spiritualities accept homosexual behavior. In fact, off all the eastern end not monotheistic religions that are popular in todays society, it is only Buddhism which freely accepts the reality of homosexuality and has been addressed by many of its search for leaders and discussed in many affair spiritual centers. However, because of the relatively low reach and population count of those belonging to this faith, at least from the point of view of religious commentary on homosexuality, it has not yet been able to pull homosexual perception towards the positive end of the spectrum which is cultural and contextual acceptance. On the other end of the contextual spectrum of religion, is a scientific approach of homosexual behavior. In such a perspective, origins of homosexuality have been discussed by researchers to be coming from biological factors rather than social factors. This approach has seen popularity only in fairly recent times because of such scientific projects and efforts such as the human genome project and the ability of advanced biology to indicate various genes, indicators, and factors that as researchers have pointed out, have a direct correlation and effect to the fact that individual turns out in the future to be Gay or not. In fact, this is not only a scientific attempt to explain such factors but has actually been published by many research and academic journals all over the world indicating that scientists have segregated various genetic functions which could associate or at least highly correlate an individuals homosexual behavior with the existence and activation of such genetic functions (Haslam Levy, 2006). This is the root of the modern argument of where homosexuality originates if it is brought about by the environment or by genetics. Such arguments, however, although fairly popular in the homosexual population, or at least in Western cultures where homosexuality is now freely accepted in society with relatively low levels of taboo perception, is not yet completely proven and documented in scientific picture enough to have any significant conclusions on the subject. Another perspective, perhaps the most popular, is an environmental perspective on homosexuality. According to this point of view, which is popular among behavioral scientists, psychologists, and social theorists, homosexuality comes about directly as a result of the environment and other external factors. Such arguments have developed relative popularity in the 20th century and even in the modern 21st century as behavioral scientists and psychologists have been able to more and more formulate theories that are backed up by statistical and essential data that was created using the scientific method of pointing out homosexual tendencies and the correlation and connection of society, other individuals, peers, and even family members and asked experiences in shaping its occurrence (Lewes Gilbert, 2009). As an individual, important processes and most cited upon the occurrence of being homosexual individuals the coming-out process. In fact, the coming-out process itself poses as one of the most significant in major hurdles of homosexuality in todays society because of the judgment that intrinsically comes about in the process itself. However, because of the popularity of such perspectives of scientific and behavioral basis of sexuality were in more and more members of society and even countries and classifications have culture as a whole are beginning to accept the validity of such research, evidence, and findings, the coming-out process, although has not been decreased at least from the point of view of difficulty, is today at least not judge as it was judge during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. Today, as from personal experience, the coming-out process and admitting not only to friends and family members but even to society as a whole the choice and eventual manifestation of sexual orientation has become easier if not more accepted. However, perhaps an interesting analysis is although such historical and scientific perspectives and frameworks have indeed help in the process of society accepted the existence of homosexuality in todays world, a very difficult approach would be to understand if such perspectives and scientific discoveries have shaped actually being homosexual. This is difficult to answer because causality is often impossible to connect especially if these perspectives and factors did not indeed have any contributions to being a homosexual individual. However, perhaps one factor that has shaped the choice of sexuality and orientation in todays world is the ability to recognize that there is such a concept as homosexuality and it is a fairly popular convention and many individuals in the world today are members of that orientation group. By recognizing such factor in fact, I as an individual have been able to classify myself an essential need according to behavioral psychologists and sociologists to a certain part and classification of todays environment and society and am able to learn much about myself as well as the culture I am living in today.

The aim of the experiment is to find out the effect of different :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The aim of the experiment is to find out the effect of different concentrations of reactants on rate of reaction. Rates of Reaction Aim The aim of the experiment is to find out the effect of different concentrations of reactants on rate of reaction. I will find this out by doing an experiment. The reaction that will be used is: Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid Na2S2O3 + 2HCl Equipment The equipment I will use to do this experiment is:  · Goggles  · Test tubes  · Beakers  · Hydrochloric Acid  · Sodium Thiosulphate  · Water  · X marked paper Background Information The Collision Theory is when particles collide with enough energy to break their bonds if they are to react. Collision means when two particles hit each other. Breaking a solid exposes new surfaces, the smaller the pieces the greater the surface area. Safety Measures A pair of goggles will be worn in order to protect the eyes. Fair Test In order for my findings to be valid the experiment must be fair. I will use the same standard each time for judging when the X has disappeared. I will make sure that the measuring cylinders for the Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Thiosulphate will not be mixed up. The amount of Hydrochloric acid will be 10cm3 each time. Prediction I predict that by increasing the concentration of one of the reactants the rate of reaction will increase because they are likely to collide quicker. Method I first of all start of by wearing goggles as Hydrochloric Acid is an irritant to the eyes. After that I got all equipment out I needed to perform this experiment. Test Tube Beaker X marked paper I firstly put 10cm3 of hydrochloric acid into the beaker which I measured with the test tube. After I put the x marked paper under the beaker. I then poured in the volume of Sodium Thiosulphate and the concentration of it which was 50cm3. Set off the stopwatch and waited to see when the x marked paper is not visible. I repeatedly did this 3 times for each one. Finally, I recorded the results on a results table. Conclusions My results show that if you add more concentration of sodium Thiosulphate and less water to the hydrochloric acid the particles collide more because so the rate of reaction increases. When I repeated my results and experiment the times were similar meaning that I was very accurate with my experiment and judgement. Evaluation I only really encountered one problem which was do the experiment in the amount of time that was given to us and Sodium Thiosulphate ran out during the experiment but that was quickly resolved as borrowed some of my friend who is also doing the experiment.

Is fast food consumption really not as advantageous to one’s health as consuming home cooked meals?

The problem that is trying to be resolved is fast food better than home cooked meals. Both fast food and home cooked meals are good things to eat. Fast food is good because it’s easier than going home making food from scratch but the negative thing about it is you have to pay every time you want something to eat. Home cook food is better because you can spend money on the ingredients you need to make the food, keep it and make it again anytime you want Home cooked meals can be made from fresh ingredients such as vegetables and fruits.They also do not have as much sodium and fat as fast food meals. They are more nutritional and don't have as many calories and saturated fat than fast food meals. They may take longer to prepare than fast food, but they are healthier and better tasting. The consequences of eating these foods include higher cholesterol, higher blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and obesity. Additionally, fast food doesn’t provide basic of balanced nutri tion. It lacks essential vitamins and mineral, fiber, and antioxidants.Another health factor is that eating fast food in large amounts creates poison in the body. Introduction Most people are saying that Home cooked meals are generally considered healthier than fast food. This is because fast food meals typically contain high levels of calories, saturated fat, sugar and salt. People continue to eat fast food because it’s faster and don’t always have time to cook as soon as they get home.Possibly the advantage of home cooked meals over fast food is its cheaper cost but the reason might be because home cooked meals  generally take more time to prepare and require you to have cooking skills. On the other hand, the taste of home cooked meals is generally better, because you are able to select fresh and any type of ingredients you feel will make the meal good. Home cooked meals are different from fast food meals in terms of serving size and overall nutritional value. Afte r reviewing a article it said that ‘A typical fast food burger uses a combination of ground beef, bread and condiments that ends up having about 71 cal/oz for a sandwich that is about 3. 5 oz.It is possible to make home cooked burgers healthier by using lean ground beef and wheat bread as well as healthy condiments. If you choose your ingredients carefully, it is possible to make a home cooked burger that only has about 67 cal/oz for a 4. 5 oz sandwich. ’ Methodology The participants that will be studied are teens from ages 13-19. The way the research will be studied is on the benefits of fast food versus home cooked meals. The gender will be both male and females that have their experiences from cooking at home and eating fast food.The nationality would be all kind, not just base on one area of a specific nationality. The ethnicities that will be studied are Latinos, Samoans, African Americans, Filipinos, Asians and Hispanics. There is more than one way of collecting d ata. A way of collecting data will be doing surveys on teens that eat fast food and eat home cooked meals. Another way of collecting data to help my research will be using website, magazines and books that have any information on fast food and home cooked meals.Also watching videos and food network TV shows that show you on how to cook food will be a big help to my research. The area that my information will be collected and interviewing teens will be in the city of Carson. Surveying and interviewing teens and adults is the most effective way to collect data because one will hear from different points of view and opinions instead of from just one perspective. This is helpful because more than one source will be utilized in an effort to gain relevant information.This way of researching is effective because one can get a lot of information and it makes it a lot easier to understand the subject of the research. After receiving such feedback one wouldn’t really need to use the in ternet but it can help save time from completing the surveys. Results The purpose of collecting the research was to see if fast food was better than home cooked meals. One conclusion that can be drawn from the administering of such research is that of the 50 people surveyed, 25 people preferred home cooked meals and the remaining 25 preferred fast food.Survey results also indicated that the nutritional value associated with the two types of meals, fast food and home cooked, was almost near irrelevant as far as being a factor in their decision of what to consume. Therefore, the health benefits of one over the other were only a matter of importance to a select few, ten percent exactly. A second conclusion can be deduced from the interviews that were conducted. There were ten interviews that were conducted and the information gathered from those interviews was advantageous in deciphering whether or not fast food is of health benefit when compared to that of home cooked meals.The result s of those interviews distinctly indicated that ninety percent of those interviewee candidates felt home cooked meals had more health benefits to offer than fast food meals. Hence consuming home cooked meals would be advised for those who wish for a healthier alternative to fast food and are seeking health benefits. Such benefits include lower cholesterol, lower probability of heart problems, and diabetes. A third conclusion drawn from the collecting of the data noted above is that home cooked meals offer more nutrients and thus have higher nutritional value than fast food meals.Home cooked meals have higher nutritional value generally because one can select the ingredients that go within the meal(s). Fast food meals come with pre-designated nutrients and most of which are high in sodium and the disadvantageous fats. Therefore, one has no control over what ingredients go in their selected meal. Even though many fast food establishments now offer healthier alternatives it is still no t enough to outweigh those that stem from home cooked meals, at least according to the data gathered from this study. DiscussionThe new solution about this whole research would be to stop eating fast food so much and eat at home a lot more because its more healthier than what fast food produce. Its ok to eat fast food when you need to but if its not mandatory you shouldn’t take risk at destroying the body. Eating fast food is better nutrition and people wouldn’t have so much problem about what there body size weight. Cooking itself is a relaxing activity. It can be a great way to settle down from a stressful workday and bring family together. Kids can help set up the table or help prepare the food.Cooking on the grill also bring family and friends together over the summer, Christmas and thanksgiving. Conclusion Eating home cook meals is the best way to eat healthier than fast food. Not all fast food is bad for everybody. One can manage a healthy diet even if one choose to eat fast food sometimes. By not ordering the biggest sizes, drinking water, choosing items that are grilled or baked, manage are more likely to keep one body healthy. Everybody eats fast food and home cook meals but more people eat home cook meals because of the costs and what people can get out of it.

Going Back to School Essay

Returning to school was something I alway intended to do in my life. I knew there would be some obstacles and hurdles i would have to overcome to make my dream come true. Here are some obstacles I had to overcome in my past with previous school experinces I have had to return back to school. When I was younger, I remember my mom waking my older brother up and sending him off to school. I would get so mad, because I wanted to go. Than finally my day came, I got up and off to school I went. Elementary school was the great. I loved playing with the other kids. Kindergarten through fifth grade made me feel like school was a game. Yeah, we learned our basic studies, but we had fun doing it. Than came time for moving on up to middle school. My first couple of weeks were okay, but the work started getting harder, the other kids weren’t very nice and we didn’t have much free time. I didn’t like it, but it was something I got used too and I stuck it out. Finally, my ninth year came, I was a freshman in high school. I hated it, I was always getting pushed around and made fun of because my family didn’t have much money. I didn’t have name brand shoes or clothes. Everybody kept telling me I needed an eduacation to get anywhere in this world. Well I tried, finally when I was seventeen, only six months before graduation, I got so fed up, I dropped out. Once I turned eighteen, I realized it was time to make a life of my own. My family shouldn’t have to support me. So I went out and found me a job. I was so proud of this job. I was doing good, or so I thought. After a few years of working for this company, I figured out I was already at the top of the ladder, I couldn’t go up anymore. I had to better my life. I needed a higher education. I got it in my head and went and got my GED. Than once again my learning process stopped right there. Out of the blue one day, my mom calls and tells me about these online college courses. She knew I didn’t I didn’t want to go sit in a classroom. This struck some interest in me. It took me a few days, but I called and got enrolled. When I started my first class, I was a bit nervous, it took sometime to get back into the swing of things. I’m still somewhat nervous but it gets better with each class. Going back to school was the hardest decision I have ever had to make. Well, it took the longest time anyway. I am so glad I decided to go back. Being back at school makes me feel so much better about myself. This is one thing I won’t quit again.

HMS Warrior (1860) in the Royal Navy

HMS Warrior (1860) in the Royal Navy HMS Warrior  -  General: Nation: Great Britain Builder: Thames Ironworks Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. Laid Down: May 25, 1859 Launched: December 29, 1860 Commissioned: August 1, 1861 Decommissioned: May 31, 1883 Fate: Museum ship at Portsmouth, England Specifications: Type: Armored Frigate Displacement: 9,210 tons Length: 418 ft. Beam: 58 ft. Draft: 27 ft. Complement: 705 Power Plant: Penn Jet-Condensing, horizontal-trunk, single expansion steam engine Speed: 13 knots (sail), 14.5 knots (steam), 17 knots (combined) Armament: 26 x 68-pdr. guns (muzzle-loading)10 x 110-pdr. Armstrong guns (breech-loading)4 x 40-pdr. Armstrong guns (breech-loading) HMS Warrior  -  Background: During the early decades of the 19th century the Royal Navy began add steam power to many of its ships and was slowly introducing new innovations, such as iron hulls, into some of its smaller vessels. In 1858, the Admiralty was stunned to learn that the French had commenced construction of an ironclad warship named La Gloire. It was the desire of Emperor Napoleon III to replace all of Frances warships with iron-hulled ironclads, however French industry lacked the capacity to produce the needed plate. As a result, La Gloire was initially built of wood then clad in iron armor. HMS Warrior  - Design and Construction: Commissioned in August 1860, La Gloire became the worlds first ocean-going ironclad warship. Sensing that their naval dominance was being threatened, the Royal Navy immediately commenced construction on a vessel superior to La Gloire. Conceived by Admiral Sir Baldwin Wake-Walker and designed by Isaac Watts, HMS Warrior was laid down at Thames Ironworks Shipbuilding on May 29, 1859. Incorporating a variety of new technology, Warrior was be a composite sail/steam armored frigate. Built with an iron hull, Warriors steam engines turned a large propeller. Central to the ships design was its armored citadel. Built into the hull, the citadel contained Warriors broadside guns and possessed 4.5 iron armor which was bolted onto 9 of teak. During construction, the design of the citadel was tested against the most modern guns of the day and none were able to penetrate its armor. For further protection, innovative watertight bulkheads were added to the vessel. Though Warrior was designed to carry fewer guns than many other ships in the fleet, it compensated by mounting heavier weapons. These included 26 68-pdr guns and 10 110-pdr breech-loading Armstrong rifles. Warrior was launched at Blackwall on December 29, 1860. A particularly cold day, the ship froze to the ways and required six tugs to pull it into the water. Commissioned on August 1, 1861, Warrior cost the Admiralty  £357,291. Joining the fleet, Warrior served primarily in home waters as the only dry dock large enough to take it was in Britain. Arguably the most powerful warship afloat when it was commissioned, Warrior quickly intimidated rival nations and launched the competition to build bigger and stronger iron/steel battleships. HMS Warrior - Operational History: Upon first seeing Warriors power the French naval attachà © in London sent an urgent dispatch to his superiors in Paris stating, Should this ship meet our fleet it will be as a black snake among rabbits! Those in Britain were similarly impressed including Charles Dickens who wrote, A black vicious ugly customer as ever I saw, whale-like in size, and with as terrible a row of incisor teeth as ever closed on a French frigate. A year after Warrior was commissioned it was joined by its sister ship, HMS Black Prince. During the 1860s, Warrior saw peaceful service and had its gun battery upgraded between 1864 and 1867. Warriors routine was interrupted in 1868, following a collision with HMS Royal Oak. The following year it made one of its few trips away from Europe when it towed a floating dry dock to Bermuda. After undergoing a refit in 1871-1875, Warrior was placed in reserve status. A groundbreaking vessel, the naval arms race that it helped inspire had quickly led to it becoming obsolete. From 1875-1883, Warrior performed summer training cruises to the Mediterranean and Baltic for reservists. Laid up in 1883, the ship remained available for active duty until 1900. In 1904, Warrior was taken to Portsmouth and renamed Vernon III as part of the Royal Navys torpedo training school. Providing steam and power for the neighboring hulks that comprised the school, Warrior remained in this role until 1923. After attempts to sell the ship for scrap in the mid-1920s failed, it was converted for use a floating oil jetty at Pembroke, Wales. Designated Oil Hulk C77, Warrior humbly fulfilled this duty for half a century. In 1979, the ship was saved from the scrap yard by the Maritime Trust. Initially led by the Duke of Edinburgh, the Trust oversaw the eight-year restoration of the ship. Returned to its 1860s glory, Warrior entered its berth at Portsmouth on June 16, 1987, and began a new life as a museum ship.

My Value essays

My Value essays When first born to a family, as a child we dont know what race we are born in. What are the rules of living in a society in the family? As we grow up we learn the way our family lives and how they value life. What they consider more important in life then anything else, is what we learn. While growing up I too had earned so many values from my parents. They have taught me many things that come first and many things that come at last. Not only that I was taught a few things that I shouldnt be doing at all. The top three values that I was taught were to respect my elders, family reputation comes first than anything else, and society comes before freedom. I lived with these values for most of my life. They had created so much influence in my life. I have always respected family members that are elder to me. My parents taught me how to talk to them. What I should say to them and what I shouldnt. This makes them appreciate my parents because they say the parents upbringing on this child is really nice. Everyone that I talk to, I was never supposed to say their name, while I talk to them. If it is someone that I am not familiar with and is part of my family, I have to call them uncle or aunt, if it is a woman. This has influenced my life because now I respect everyone that is older to me. I dont talk to them rudely. Also the way I see life is, if you respect someone, you will also be respected and appreciated by everyone else. This does happen. As I am growing up, all my family members that are younger to me, they respect me and they have never called my name while addressing me. It feels so special. Although they dont call me aunt, but they call me sister or sis, whichever one is easier for them. After respect comes family reputation. My mom used to say; you must take care of you self and not hang around with wrong crowd. My friends were respected only ...

Why the Sioux Oppose the Dakota Access Pipeline

Why the Sioux Oppose the Dakota Access Pipeline As the Flint, Michigan, water crisis made national headlines in 2016, members of the Standing Rock Sioux  successfully  protested to protect their water and land from the Dakota Access Pipeline. After months on end of demonstrating,  the water protectors rejoiced when the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers decided on Dec. 4, 2016, to  prohibit the pipeline from crossing  Lake Oahe, effectively bringing the project to a halt. But the pipelines future is unclear after Obama leaves office, and the Trump administration enters the White House. Building of the pipeline could very well resume when the new administration takes over.   If finished, the $3.8 billion project would span 1,200 miles across four states to link the Bakken oil fields in North Dakota to an Illinois river port. This would allow 470,000 barrels of crude oil daily to be transported along the route. But the Standing Rock wanted construction on the pipeline stopped because they said it could devastate their natural resources. Initially, the pipeline would have crossed the Missouri River near the state capital, but the route was changed so that it would pass under the Missouri River at Lake Oahe, a half-mile upstream from the Standing Rock reservation. The pipeline was redirected from Bismarck because of fears that an oil spill would endanger the city’s drinking water. Moving the pipeline from the state capital to an Indian reservation is environmental racism in a nutshell, as this form of discrimination is characterized by the disproportionate placement of environmental hazards in communities of color. If the pipeline was too risky to be placed near the state capital, why wasn’t it deemed a risk near Standing Rock land? With this in mind, the tribe’s effort to stop  construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline isn’t simply an environmental issue but a protest against racial injustice as well. Clashes between the pipeline’s protesters and its developers have also sparked racial  tensions, but the Standing Rock have won support from a broad cross-section of the public, including public figures and celebrities.   Why the Sioux Are Against the Pipeline On Sept. 2, 2015, the Sioux drafted a resolution explaining their opposition to the pipeline. It read in part: â€Å"The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe relies on the waters of the life-giving Missouri River for our continued existence, and the Dakota Access Pipeline poses a serious risk to Mni Sose and to the very survival of our Tribe; and ...the horizontal direction drilling in the construction of the pipeline would destroy valuable cultural resources of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe.† The resolution also argued that the Dakota Access Pipeline violates Article 2 of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty which granted the tribe the â€Å"undisturbed use and occupation† of its homeland. The Sioux filed a federal lawsuit against the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in July 2016 to stop construction of the pipeline, which began the following month. In addition to concerns about the effects a spill would have on the Sioux’s natural resources, the tribe pointed out that the pipeline would course through sacred ground protected by federal law. U.S. District Judge James E. Boasberg had a different take. He ruled on Sept. 9, 2016, that the Army Corps had â€Å"likely complied† with its duty to consult the Sioux and that the tribe â€Å"has not shown it will suffer injury that would be prevented by any injunction the court could issue.† Although the judge denied the tribe’s request for an injunction to stop the pipeline, the departments of the Army, Justice and Interior announced after the ruling that they would suspend building of the pipeline on land of cultural importance to the tribe pending further evaluation. Still, the Standing Rock Sioux said they would appeal the judge’s decision because they believe they were not sufficiently consulted when the pipeline was rerouted.    My nations history is at risk because the pipeline builders and the Army Corps failed to consult the tribe when planning the pipeline, and routed it through areas of cultural and historical significance, which will be destroyed,† stated Standing Rock Sioux Chairman David Archambault II in a court filing. Judge Boasberg’s ruling led the tribe to ask for an emergency injunction to stop building of the pipeline. This led the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit  to state in a Sept. 16 ruling that it needed more time to consider the tribes request, which meant that all construction 20 miles in either direction of Lake Oahe had to stop. The federal government had already called for construction along that part of the route to be halted, but Dallas-based pipeline developer Energy Transfer Partners didn’t immediately respond to the Obama administration. In September 2016, the company said the pipeline was 60 percent complete and maintained it would not harm the  local water supply. But if that were absolutely certain, then why wasn’t the Bismarck location an appropriate site for the pipeline? As recently as October 2015, a North Dakota oil well blew out and leaked more than 67,000 gallons of crude, putting a tributary of the Missouri River at risk. Even if oil spills are rare and new technology works to prevent them, they cannot be completely ruled out. By rerouting the Dakota Access Pipeline, the federal government appears to have put the Standing Rock Sioux directly in harm’s way in the unlikely event of an oil spill. Controversy Over Protests The Dakota Access Pipeline hasn’t attracted media attention simply because of the natural resources at stake but also because of clashes between protesters and the oil company in charge of building it. In Spring 2016, only a small group of demonstrators  had set up camp on the reservation to protest the pipeline. But in the summer months, Sacred Stone Camp ballooned to thousands of activists, with some calling it â€Å"the largest gathering of Native Americans in a century,† the Associated Press reported. In early September, tensions heightened as protesters and journalists were arrested, and activists accused the security firm tasked with protecting the pipeline of pepper-spraying them and letting dogs viciously attack them. This called to mind similar images of attacks on civil rights protesters during the 1960s.    In light of the violent clashes between protesters and security guards, the Standing Rock Sioux were granted a permit to allow the water protectors to legally rally on the federal lands that surround the pipeline. The permit means the tribe is responsible for the cost of any damages, keeping demonstrators safe, liability insurance and more. Despite this shift, clashes between activists and officers continued in November 2016, with police reportedly firing tear gas and water canons at protesters. One activist came dangerously close to losing her arm as a result of an explosion that occurred during the confrontation. Protesters say she was injured by a grenade thrown by police, while police say she was hurt by a small propane tank that protesters rigged to explode, according to CBS News. Prominent Standing Rock Supporters A number of celebrities have publicly expressed their support for the Standing Rock Sioux’s protest against the Dakota Access Pipeline. Jane Fonda and Shailene Woodley helped serve Thanksgiving 2016 dinner to the demonstrators.  Green Party presidential candidate Jill Stein visited the site and faced arrest for allegedly spray-painting construction equipment during a protest. A former 2016  presidential candidate also stands in solidarity with the Standing Rock, leading a rally against the pipeline. U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont) said on Twitter, â€Å"Stop the Dakota Access pipeline. Respect Native American rights. And let us move forward to transform our energy system.† Veteran rocker Neil Young even released a new song called â€Å"Indian Givers† in honor of the Standing Rock protest. The song’s title is a play on the racial insult. The lyrics state: There’s a battle raging on the sacred landOur brothers and sisters have to take a standAgainst us now for what we all been doingOn the sacred land there’s a battle brewingI wish somebody would share the newsNow it’s been about 500 yearsWe keep taking what we gave awayJust like what we call Indian giversIt makes you sick and gives you shivers Young also released a video for the song that features footage of the pipeline protests. The musician has recorded songs about similar environmental controversies, such as his 2014 protest song â€Å"Who’s Gonna Stand Up?† in protest of the Keystone XL pipeline. Leonardo DiCaprio announced that he shared the Sioux’s concerns as well. â€Å"Standing w/ the Great Sioux Nation to protect their water lands,† he said on Twitter, linking to a Change.org petition against the pipeline. â€Å"Justice League† actors Jason Momoa, Ezra Miller and Ray Fisher  took to social media to announce their objections to the pipeline. Momoa shared a photo of himself on Instagram with a sign that said, â€Å"Oil pipelines are a bad idea,† along with hashtags related to the Dakota Access Pipeline protest. Wrapping Up While the Dakota Access Pipeline protest has largely been framed as an environmental issue, it is also a racial justice issue. Even the judge who denied the Standing Rock Sioux’s temporary injunction to stop the pipeline, acknowledged that â€Å"the United States’ relationship with the Indian tribes has been contentious and tragic.† Since the Americas were colonized, Native Americans and other marginalized groups have fought for equal access to natural resources. Factory farms, power plants, freeways and other sources of pollution are all too often erected in communities of color. The richer and whiter a community is, the more likely its residents have clean air and water. So, the Standing Rock’s struggle to protect their land and water from the Dakota Access Pipeline is just as much an anti-discrimination issue as it is an environmental one.

Glasgow City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Glasgow City - Essay Example Glasgow in itself is an old city and we trace its origin back in the 12th century  (Slack, 2004). The city has transformed itself from a poor city to a more beautiful city and as a tourist destination. Glasgow tourism strategy 2016 provides the city’s outline and ambitious plan for the decade long development of Scotland’s tourist industry. According to this strategy, the city expects 4 million visitors every year before 2016. This is in accordance with global projections which estimate a growth by 4% every year in the tourism sector. Economically, this would prove advantageous as the city will earn averagely  £ 1 billion every year. With all this projections it is now evident that the win for the bid is in line with its tourism strategy. This is because the event is likely to bring millions of people from all over the world to participate in the event in one way or the other. It is important to understand that a country with good tourist destination has high chance s of hosting some of the world’s major sporting events. It is argued that besides sporting, there is need to promote cultural interaction and economic development  (Tomlinson, 2005). Apart from gaining economically in sports, the host nation is also supposed to earn from tourism. This was one factor that ensured Glasgow city won the bid. The city hosted the 1988 Garden Festival and won the European City of Culture (ECoC) title in 1990  (Weiler, 2004). In addition to this the City also boasts of Glasgow Royal Concert Hall and a Gallery of modern art which was opened in 1996. The gallery of modern art now holds the title of UK City of Architecture and Design. All this fit in the city’s strategy and the games will only help in emphasizing more on cultural value and promote tourism. Glasgow city also boasts of hosting the UEFA Champions League Final in 2002 one of the most prestigious soccer event in the world   (Glanville, 2012). Moreover, the city collected their E uropean Capital of Sport title in 2003 something that made them host the UEFA Cup Final in 2007  (Woods, 2007).. Besides the good sporting reputation the tourism industry in the city has been rebranding itself. Major brands like ‘Glasgow Scotland with Style’ and ‘safe pair of hand’ have been key in ensuring that the country host major sporting and cultural events. Besides this, the long term strategies such as infrastructure investment, civic engagement and unwavering belief has helped the country to attract many tourists in the city. All these are important in ensuring that the country promotes its tourism industry and this fits with the strategy of Glasgow city.  

A Sports Development Work Programme and a Sports Development Action Essay

A Sports Development Work Programme and a Sports Development Action Plan - Essay Example A four year plan is published by the council. The council has been working in partnership to ensure that they deliver the most efficient and highest quality services to business, citizens and communities in the South Lanarkshire. There has been need of developing a leisure structure of NBG in South Lanarkshire such as a swimming. The reason behind the choice of area of work is to improve the quality of life of citizens in South Lanarkshire and at the same time improve the overall enjoyment of living and working in South Lanarkshire by providing equal access to opportunities. There is need to prepare a work programme when commencing any given new project. Many projects reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigations reason because those with experience in the field did not make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome. Hence, for our project we should establish a team of workers and advisors to create an overall plan to ensure that our project will proceed in an orderly manner to a desirable end. We will include advisors such as accountants, insurance brokers, mortgage bankers, architects and engineers. Effective planning is essential for the successful execution of a project. Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure will consider the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site safety, inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays, preparing tender documents, etc. A SWOT analysis identifies factors that may facilitate or inhibit the proposed development of a leisure structure of NBG in South Lanarkshire. A SWOT Analysis to Development of a Leisure Structure of NBG in South Lanarkshire Strengths Weaknesses Good support network by sports fans Improved link with other partners Support by the council Difficult of development without support of the community If government support the project, then we account more also to it. Opportunities Threats Potential improved government funding Other partners may high jack the project The development of the leisure structure of NBG will succeed if it gets support from the sports fans and the required support from the council. It will also succeed if it gets funds from the government and other well wishers. On the other hand the project might fail if other partners high jacks the project before we implement it and also if the community will not support the project. Action Plan Action 1 Goals: Consultation with relevant organisation on the development of swimming Evaluation Strategy: I will know that the goals have been achieved if we reach to a compromise. Steps Necessary to Achieve the Goal Time Scale Resources Having consultative meeting with various stalk holders 3 - 6 Months Myself, Council, Community Leaders, Church Leaders, Government Representatives

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 9

International Marketing - Essay Example From the above mentioned statistics, it might be clearly avowed that the consciousness and kindness of the human beings for pet animals is increasing day by day and this is key reason behind rapid growth of the pet care industry. This rising trend of human characteristics towards pets has proved worthy for the organizations operating in the pet care industry and this factor acts as positive catalyst to the demand of product and services of the branded pet care companies and amplifying revenue to a considerable extent (Australian Companion Animal Council, 2010). The rationale of this essay is to compare and contrast the marketing environment of a branded food organization in United Kingdom and India. The company that has been selected for this study is Nestle Purina Pet Care Company which is a multination pet food brand having strong footprint in many countries around the world including United Kingdom and India. In order to do so, varied types of analytical tools are used such as PEST analysis and Porter five forces analysis. According to Australian Companion Animal Council, (2010), the number of pets has been increasing every year in an increasing rate. In United Kingdom, the number households or families having cats are 75% of the number of families having pet dog. In opposite to this scenario, maximum percentage of the Indian households who own pets, have pet dogs as compared to cats. Such type of trend might prove highly effective for Nestle Purina Pet-care Company. The above figure of indicates that the trend for pet dog ownership has increased in India that may prove effective for Nestle Purina Pet-care Company to enjoy increased demand of their pet food products. The industry of pet-care is increasing and so its contribution towards the gross domestic product of the nation may not be neglected. This is mainly for the increased attention of the human beings over the pet animals. So, as per the report of Australian Companion

Caregiver's Ethics in the Health Care Setting Research Paper

Caregiver's Ethics in the Health Care Setting - Research Paper Example â€Å"If one compares the literature on various types of child maltreatment, it will become obvious that there is a dearth of information on the concept of child neglect, despite the fact that a large number of children are neglected each year† (Tower, 2002).   Some people are mistaken and do not really think about how children interacting with strangers could be a continuation or extension of abuse from their parents, rather than a sign of risk for the child.   But in this situation of the case, it is the daycare worker who may be guilty of child abuse. The ethics are complicated in this case, though because of the concept of client confidentiality and what it means to healthcare workers.   Confidentiality raises issues between the ethical and legal implications of a relationship between a client and a practitioner as well as between other groups within the nursing, health care, and other environments of interest in terms of the client and engagement and the client-worker relationship, in which ethics should take precedence in cases in which a client is not a threat to anyone.   It remains difficult to maintain confidentiality at times, and attention must be paid to the fact that people should disclose this information later even if the conditions do not seem to be ones that will adversely affect the client. Although privacy and confidentiality are not exactly the same thing, this report must state that information shared to help resolve the issues faced by the client is productive and does not fall under the auspices of confid entiality, because it is a natural sort of dialogue between professionals who are in a helping relationship with the client.   There is the fine line to be drawn in certain situations of client/practitioner confidentiality as well as confidentiality between practitioners and confidentiality in cases like this, which involve possible child abuse.   In some cases, the client has a right to confidentiality, but it may be less important to the client and working relationship that she/he has than the rights of others whom the client may harm.  

The Goldman Sachs Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Goldman Sachs Group - Essay Example The company has expanded to many nations in the world whereby it has opened branches in over 30 countries, that include offices in financial centers in the world, such as United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Japan (New York Times web). Goldman Sach Company, in 2012 bought all the shares belonging to Ariel Reinsurance  that were held by Ariel Holdings Ltd. in addition, in the same year financial period, the company also purchased Dwight Asset Management, a financial firm, from the british based Old Mutual Asset Management. The financial report released by the Goldman Sachs company in april 2012 had good resorts that beat the market analysts’ expectations. the report reflected improved performance in the equity fairs. However, the quarterly profits for the year 2012 was $2.1 billion $0.64billion lower than the previous year’s same period financial report. However, the earnings per share increased by $3.92 which was an improvement from the previous year’s financial earnings per share of $3.55. This was also the same figure that the financial analysts had predicted. However, the company’s revenue fell to $9.95 billion as compared to a year ago where the revenue was $11.89 billion (New Yor k Times web). Goldman Sachs Company reported a $1.56 per share increase in the first quarter of the same year. the company went ahead and paid a bailout it received from Mr Warren E. Buffet, in the financial crisis era who was then granted preference shares in the corporation. The board of governors of the company voted unanimously in the first quarterly to increase the dividend on the common stock to approximately 46 cents in every share held, an increase from the previous quarter’s dividend of 35 cents per share. The company’s financial results were at an all-time high as compared to the last four quarters, but it was down across the board as compared to the last to the previous year. the company however

Caregiver's Ethics in the Health Care Setting Research Paper

Caregiver's Ethics in the Health Care Setting - Research Paper Example â€Å"If one compares the literature on various types of child maltreatment, it will become obvious that there is a dearth of information on the concept of child neglect, despite the fact that a large number of children are neglected each year† (Tower, 2002).   Some people are mistaken and do not really think about how children interacting with strangers could be a continuation or extension of abuse from their parents, rather than a sign of risk for the child.   But in this situation of the case, it is the daycare worker who may be guilty of child abuse. The ethics are complicated in this case, though because of the concept of client confidentiality and what it means to healthcare workers.   Confidentiality raises issues between the ethical and legal implications of a relationship between a client and a practitioner as well as between other groups within the nursing, health care, and other environments of interest in terms of the client and engagement and the client-worker relationship, in which ethics should take precedence in cases in which a client is not a threat to anyone.   It remains difficult to maintain confidentiality at times, and attention must be paid to the fact that people should disclose this information later even if the conditions do not seem to be ones that will adversely affect the client. Although privacy and confidentiality are not exactly the same thing, this report must state that information shared to help resolve the issues faced by the client is productive and does not fall under the auspices of confid entiality, because it is a natural sort of dialogue between professionals who are in a helping relationship with the client.   There is the fine line to be drawn in certain situations of client/practitioner confidentiality as well as confidentiality between practitioners and confidentiality in cases like this, which involve possible child abuse.   In some cases, the client has a right to confidentiality, but it may be less important to the client and working relationship that she/he has than the rights of others whom the client may harm.  

Discussion 2 Week 11 Best Practices Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 2 Week 11 Best Practices - Assignment Example nagerial economics provided the theoretical frameworks for understanding the concept of demand and supply; as well as illuminating practitioners on differences in market structures (McGuigan, Moyer and Harris). From the experience in Katrina’s Candies, it was revealed that there are pricing strategies that should be applied depending on the market structure that the organization is in: either in an oligopoly or monopolist structure. Likewise, forecasting tools are analytical techniques which provide insights to the organization’s decision makers in terms of evaluating options according to anticipated results. The value of forecasting lies in the accuracy of identifying factors which could significantly affect the plans of the firm. As such, it is best practice to apply it and it helps in making responsible decisions based on projected goals. Finally, globalization takes into account increasing pressures for more competitors. As such, there is a need to undertake market research to discern the most-likely reaction and response of competitors should external factors affect the industry. The recession that affected the global market required application of transformed strategies to adapt and adjust to changes in demand and supply. As such, the reactions of competitors are useful inputs to work

Foreign Policy from 1515-1529 in England Essay Example for Free

Foreign Policy from 1515-1529 in England Essay How Far do you agree that Foreign Policy failed from 1515-1529 failed to make England stronger as an international power? Initially, Henry and Wolsey created a reasonable foreign profile. They managed to maintain this for 10 years until 1525. However a massive decline occurred subsequently it wasnt long before the pair found themselves out of the Major League of European Countries and neither France nor Spain cared who it made allegiances with. England was at a disadvantage from the outset; with very limited resources compared to France and Spain. Alone England didnt stand much chance of survival and therefore it was vital that England formed alliances with other international powers. On august the 15th 1521, Henry VIII and Emperor Charles V formed a secret treaty known as The Treaty of Bruges. It provided for a joint invasion of France; primarily before March 1523. This in one respect merely defined the dependence Henry and Wolsey had upon Charles. This was mainly due to the reliance Englands economy beheld upon the Flanders Cloth Market. Nevertheless, the treaty never materialised and whilst she displayed and attempt to resolve this in autumn 1523, they could do little without the support of Charles V. There was a constant need to show his worthiness and match up to wealthier kings such as Francis I. Henrys favourite way was though extravagant wars. From 1511-1525 he spent an equivalent of 1.4 million on wars, whilst his annual income was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½110,000. This put England fundamentally on huge strains and it was up to Wolsey to turn this around. 1518, the Treaty of London prior to all discussed, a treaty of diplomatic importance influencing England to be noticed by other countries. This was a universal peace collective and signed by all major leaders. This gave England support from over countries and also made them noticed. It was a non aggressive treaty and agreed that none of the countries would attack one another, and if they were, they were support one another. This was Wolseys finest hour. It reflected glory upon Henry VIII, putting the pair in good terms with one another as well as with all other major countries. It also meant that if any country broke away from the treaty, then war would b veiled upon them. However, at the same time it wasnt entirely successful. It only lasted for a short time and inevitably war broke out from an alliance between Spain and England against France. Another very important affair to mention was the Field of The Cloth of Gold which occurred from June 7th to June 24th in 1520. It was a meeting between the two kings Henry VIII and Francis the I of France and its aim was to increase the bond between the two kings, furthering England profile internationally. Each kind tried to outdo the other. The proof of Henrys attempts was that in one month 2200 sheep were consumed. In the fields past the castle, 2800 tents were erected for less important visitors. Even though it made a great impression, politically it did very little. Hence the war previously discussed a year later. The decline of Wolseys success made England lose its profile it started with. In 1525 was the introduction of the Amicable Grant. When Wolsey tried to raise more money through the Amicable Grant it depicted the anger within England itself. Wolsey needed to raise taxes (1525) in order to cover the cost of taking France to war. However it was strongly opposed and subsequently Wolsey had to back down and reduce the payments for the 1523 subsidy 10,000 men converged in Lavenham. In summery this lost England support of Charles V which inevitability meant the only way was to make a peace treaty with France. The Treaty of More, in 1525. Meanwhile again Wolseys attempts failed. France undermined England and formed an alliance with Charles V leaving England no stronger than to begin with. A long term affect of this, is that it meant Henry lost his trust in Wolsey causing the downfall in 1529. As well very importantly was Henrys divorce to Catherine of Aragon and its international relevance. Catherines nephew was Charles V, a may with great power. He threatened the Pope to not go ahead with the annulment. Wolsey was in a predicament, if he allowed the annulment his own life was in risk, but the time he wasted trying to decide one way another outraged Henry emphatically. So much so that Henry stripped him from his title.

Religion and Spirituality Integration in Therapy: Ethics

Religion and Spirituality Integration in Therapy: Ethics Ethical Issues for the Integration of Religion and Spirituality in Therapy Danelle J. Hollenbeck Abstract Psychologists are professional who have undertaken a code of ethics mandatory in practicing psychology. Ethical issues arising from religion and spirituality that is integrated into therapy requires psychologists to undertake a moral and ethical view on treating these clients. This paper addresses the codes in which psychologists adhere to when undertaking secular-theistic therapy, avoiding bias, multiple relationships, imposing religious views, and competence, and informed consent. This paper discusses relevant ethical dilemmas when providing psychotherapy to clients. This paper also reviews ethical circumstances in which American Association of Psychologist Codes (APA) applies to these ethical and moral situations. It will also briefly discuss ethical consideration of the codes at intake, assessment, treatment, and over-all accountability of clients in regards to religion and spirituality. Introduction Psychology (as well as science in general) has embraced spirituality and religion more and has used rigorous scientific methods such as double-blind randomized clinical trials to examine important questions related to psychology and religion integration (Plante, 2007). Many individuals are more religious and spiritual than previously and therefore are requesting that health professional integrate this into their professional work, in particularly psychology, as well as psychologists have become interested in the same and look for ways to integrate this into their practice (Plante, 2007). Discussion The American Psychology Association (APA) supports religious diversity and states that  psychologists are aware of and respect cultural, individual, and role differences, including those  based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual  orientation, disability, language, and socioeconomic status and consider these factors when  working with members of such groups (American Psychological Association, 2015). This focuses on Principle E, Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity (Fishers, 2013, pg. 13), which ensures fair treatment of all people regardless of ethnicity, gender, culture, religion, disability, etc. We may not agree with our client’s religious beliefs, but we are asked to respect them and the traditions of others (Plante, 2007). We are to avoid bias and according to Standard 3.01 we are to avoid discrimination based on other qualities and religion (American Psychological Association, 2015). Psychologists must be competent in the services provided. We must adhere to Standards 2.01b Boundaries of Competence, and 2.03, Maintaining Competence. According to Gonsiorek et al. (2009) â€Å"Competence in the services providing regarding spirituality and religion is a fundamental ethical requirement†. Just because we might be of the same faith or have a similar interest in our client’s religious practices does not make us to be experts in the field, therefore we must adhere to Standards 2.01b and 2.03 and have the appropriate training and experience necessary to provide services. We must also remember that psychologists trained as theologians may not satisfy the ethical code, even if dually trained and could face potential challenges (Gonsiorek, Richards, Pargament, McMinn, 2009) therefore standard training is the key. The Ethical Code also avoids secular-theistic bias. It’s important to refrain from perceiving a client’s faith as low intelligence just as it’s important to refrain from viewing a client from a different faith as misguided or as second class (Gonsiorek et al, 2009). Principle D: Justice and Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity, and Standards 2.06, Personal Problems and Conflicts and 3.01 Unfair Discrimination are applied towards bias. Positive biases can also be just as destructive as the negative biases. Gonsiorek, et al. (2009) states positive biases can result in serious problems being misconstrued as diversity and in behaviors with significant mental health implications being ignored (2009). Standard 3.04, Avoiding Harm applies as such we must take reasonable steps to avoid harming clients when possible (APA, 2015). Biases of any type interfere with the therapeutic relationship and diminish psychological services, thus psychologists are expected to have self-reflection and examination to screen biases (Gonsiorek et al, 2009), Assuming a client has sought a psychologist who is trained in theistic therapies or is not  aware that a psychologist offers religious modalities such as Mindfulness, Ho’oponopono, or  prayer would be incorporated into treatment; therefore Standard 10.01 A B, Informed  Consent is mandatory in any treatment offered, yet also in disclosing and discussing the  psychotherapist’s qualifications, background, theoretical orientation, and specific areas of  expertise; specific goals of treatment; and reasonably available treatment options and alternatives  are included in informed consent (Barrett Johnson, 2011). A psychologist also needs to  address concerns or issues that have arisen during intake regarding deep-seated sectarian beliefs,  and their levels of comfort and practice, as well as how this may impact their goals and process  of treatment (Barrett Johnson, 2011). Before embarking on any effort to challenge  troubling or discordant aspects of rel igious belief, it is essential that the psychotherapist  evaluate his or her competence in this area, provide appropriate informed consent, and consider  seeking consultation from clergy or other professionals with expertise in this area (Barnett Johnson, 2011). The risk of multiple relationships provides many challenges for psychologists who are also clergy members. Multiple relationships may raise boundary concerns, specifically if a client requests his or her religious aspect of the same church in which the psychologist attends be implemented into their treatment. In this case, psychologists must adhere to Standard 3.05B, Multiple Relationships, which states a psychologist finds that, due to unforeseen factors, a potentially harmful multiple relationship has arisen, the psychologist takes reasonable steps to resolve it with due regard for the best interests of the affected person and maximal compliance with the Ethics Code (apa.org). These ethics codes (and their understanding) join psychologists to respect each client’s  religious/spiritual beliefs and practices reducing any harmful effects on the client’s own biases when formulating treatment for each individual client. References American Psychological Association. (2015). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ Barnett,J.E., Johnson,W.B. (2011). Integrating Spirituality and Religion Into Psychotherapy: Persistent Dilemmas, Ethical Issues, and a Proposed Decision-Making Process.Ethics Behavior. doi:10.1080/10508422.2011.551471 Fisher,C.B. (2013).Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Gonsiorek,J.C., Richards,P.S., Pargament,K.I., McMinn,M.R. (2009). Ethical Challenges and Opportunities at the Edge: Incorporating Spirituality and Religion Into Psychotherapy.Professional Psychology-research and Practice. doi:10.1037/a0016488 Plante,T.G. (2007). Integrating spirituality and psychotherapy: Ethical issues and principles to consider.Journal of Clinical Psychology. doi:10.1002/jclp.20383 Burj Khalifa: The Worlds Tallest Building Burj Khalifa: The Worlds Tallest Building On 4th of January, 2010, Dubai, where there was only wind-blown litter a generation ago, witnessed the opening ceremony of the worlds tallest building,Burj Khalifa. A brilliant work of art with difficult structural problems took 1,325 days to completion since the start of the excavation work in January,2004. Burj Khalifa has returned the name of the Worlds Tallest Structure back to the Middle-Eastern structures where the Great Pyramid of Giza claimed that honor for millions of years before the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in England in 1311. It is amazing to know that the triple-lobed foot print is inspired from the desert flower Hymenocallis which is common in Dubai. Being located in Dubai, UAE, the tower was influenced by Islamic and middle-eastern architecture.This influence resulted in the tri-axial geometry of Burj Khalifa. The tower consists of three wings arranged around the a central core in the shape of Y.As the tower rises from the flat desert ground, setbacks occur through the 26 helical levels decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it spirals skywards. The Y-shape plan is ideal for residential and hotel usage maximizing outwards view and inward natural light.Plus,it allows maximum view of the Arabic Gulf. As a super-tall structure, there were many difficult structural problems.To ensure safety and effectiveness of the selected design,a model of the building was subjected to extensive peer program. Designers used the buttressed core in Burj Khalifa consisting of a hexagonal hub buttressed by three wings bracing each other forming the Y-shape. Not only bracing each other but acting as a tripod base which is more stable than a four-cornered base. The corridor walls of the wings extending from the central core to the end of each wind terminate in a thickened hammer head walls. The main purpose of the Y-shape is to reduce the wind effects as well as keeping the structure simple, safe and foster constructability. The result is a stiff tower that can support itself laterally and overcomes twisting. Setbacks in each tier occur in a spiral stepping pattern up the building. These setbacks confuse the wind as the wind vortices never get organized because at each tier the building has different shape. The hexagonal core provides the essential torsional resistance like a closed tube. The wing walls and hammer head walls behave as webs and flanges of a beam resisting wind shears and moments. Specific strength of concrete walls ranges from C60 to C80 cube strength using Portland cement and fly ash. The C80 concrete used in the lower portion of the building has a specified Youngs Elastic Modulus (E) of 43,800 N/mm2 after 90 days. Wall and column sizes were determined using Virtual work/LaGrange multiplier methodology which results in very efficient structure. Wall thickness and column sizes are adjusted to reduce the effect of concrete creep and shrinkage. To reduce the effect of differential column shortening between perimeter columns and interior walls,the size of perimeter columns were adjusted such that the self-weight gravity stress acting on it is equal to that stress on the interior walls. As shrinkage in concrete occurs faster in thinner elements ,the perimeter columns had the same thickness of interior corridor walls(600 mm)to ensure that both columns and walls will shorten by the same rate due to concrete shrinkage. That super-structure had foundations consisting of a reinforced concrete raft of thickness 3.7 meters supported by 194 piles. Pouring the raft was divided into four separate pours. Self consolidated concrete (SCC)of C50 cube strength was used. Each pile is 1.5 meters diameter; 43 meter long buried more than 50 meters deep. Piles were designed to support 3,000 tons each and while load tests, they supported over 6,000 tons. Unfortunately, the towers substructure is constructed in a groundwater having chloride and sulfate concentrations higher than those in sea water! Having these aggressive conditions, a strict program of measures was required to ensure the durability of the foundations. Measures applied specialized waterproof covers, increasing concrete thickness, addition of corrosion inhibitors to the concrete mix and a cathodic protection system using titanium mesh. To get higher strength and lower permeable concrete cover to the steel bars, a controlled permeability formwork was used. Besides, a special concrete mix was designed to resist the attack from the groundwater. The concrete mix for piles having 25% fly ash, 7% silica fume and a water to cement ratio of 0.32, was designed to be fully self consolidating concrete having slump of 675 ±75 mm to avoid defects during construction. For that unprecedented height of the building, it was essential to compute wind forces and resulting motions in the upper levels as they became dominant factors in the structural design. Wind tunnel tests were undertaken under the direction of Rowan Williams Davies and Irwin Inc. The wind tunnel program included rigid-model force balance test, a full multi-degree of freedom aeroelastic model studies, measurements of localized pressures, pedestrian wind environment studies and climatic studies. Models used was of scale 1:500. The wind tunnel data was then combined with the dynamic property of the tower to get the full towers dynamic response to wind and the overall effective wind force distributions. The tower has six important wind directions. The principal three wind directions are when the wind is blowing into the nose of each of the three wings. The other three directions when the wind is blowing between the wings. The orientation and setbacks of the tower were selected relative to the most frequent strong wind direction for Dubai. A several round of wind tunnel tests were undertaken during the construction of the tower. After each round of tests, the geometry of the tower as well as the number and spacing of setbacks changed to minimize the effect of the wind forces on the tower by confusing the wind. As the design reached its end, a more accurate aeroelastic model was made. The aeroelastic model is as elastic as the building. The results of testing the aeroelastic model showed that the predicted towers motion was within the ISO standard recommended values without the need of any auxiliary damping. At the tallest point of the tower, it sways a total of 1.5 meters. Special concrete mix design having compressive strength of 10 MPa at 10 hours for the vertical elements to permit the continuity of construction cycle and a design strength/modulus of 80 MPa/44GPa. The concrete tests indicated that the compressive strength of used concrete used was much higher than the required one. One of the most difficult issues in concrete design is to ensure pumpability of concrete to reach world record heights especially in high summer temperatures. Four basic separate mixes were developed to enable reduced pressure pumpability when the building gets higher. A horizontal pumping trial was conducted in February 2005 having the same pressure losses equivalent to height of 600 meters to determine the pumpability of these mixes .The concrete mix used contained 13% fly ash and 10% silica fume with maximum aggregate size of 20 mm. The mix is virtually self consolidating concrete having slump of 600 mm and used for pumping pressure exceeding 200 bars. After the level 127,a less strength concrete is required(60 MPa compressive strength) having maximum aggregate size of 10 mm. High quality control was required to ensure pumpability to the highest concrete floor considering the severe conditions of weather which vary from a very cool winter to a very hot summer with temperature exceeding 50 °c. Pumping concrete was executed using Putzmeister pumps which are capable to pump concrete up to 350 bars through high pressure 150 mm pipeline. To convert the dream of Burj Khalifa to reality, the latest advancements in construction techniques and material technology were used. The walls forms were made using Dokas SKE 100 automatic self-climbing formwork system. Steel forms were used in the circular nose. Columns and the floor slabs are poured on MevaDec formwork. The construction sequence for the structure began with the central core and slabs being cast in the three sections, followed by the wings walls and slabs and then the nose columns and slabs. To ensure the verticality of the structure, a special GPS monitoring system was developed to monitor the verticality of the building as it gets higher. This was due to the limited convential surveying techniques in the site. When completed, Burj Khalifa has become the worlds tallest structure. Being a magnificent achievement in using the latest technologies and materials, able to integrate the architectural design concept with the structural design, Burj Khalifa will always be a special case to study. N.B: Highlighted sentences are from (Engineering the Worlds Tallest Burj Dubai)

literature :: essays research papers

In Alice Walker’s story â€Å"Everyday Use,† symbolism, allegory, and myth stand out when thinking about the characters, setting, and conflict in the story. The conflict is between the mother and her two daughters (Maggie and Dee). There is also the conflict between the family’s heritage (symbolized by the quilt, bench, and butter chum) and their different ways of life. Dee chose a new African name, moved to the city, and adopted a new way of life while Maggie and her mother have stay behind. The quilt (the most important symbol) represents the family’s heritage in that it is made of scraps of clothing worn by generations of family members. The quilt has been sewn by family hands and used on family beds. It has seen history and is history. Maggie and her mother see that that history is alive but Dee thinks it is as dead as her name. Dee does not see that name as part of her heritage. By analyzing these symbols, a number of possibilities for a theme can be seen. Walker could be suggesting that to understand the African-American heritage, readers have to include the present as well as the past. However, the theme could be that poverty and a lack of sophistication and education cannot be equated with ignorance. Lastly, she could be telling her readers that dignity or self-respect rise from and are virtually connected to one’s entire heritage- not just a selected part of it. Dylan Thomas wrote the poem â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night.† It is about a son’s plea to his father who is approaching death. Two lines are repeated in the poem and addressed directly to the father. These lines structure the first stanza and collaborate as a couplet in the last. They are repeated a lot but each time, they have different meanings: statements, pleas, commands, or petitions. Repetition and rhyme scheme are parts of prosody in poetry. The rhyme scheme is built on two rhymes and forms of a pattern. The two rhymes are night and day and the pattern is aba, and in the last stanza, abaa. Even though the poem seems to have too much repetition, the fascinating imagery is more important and readers pay more attention to that instead.

Weather and Famous Landmarks

15. Choose the word that means the same or similar to the word  «nature ». ?) environment; ?) scenery; ?) landscape; ?) view. 5  « -2011 » 8 16. Match the quotation with one of the sources listed below: Interested in photography? Fujiko have produced an amazing new mini-camera – the advanced 1001x. 3 1. What kind of film would you see if you wanted to get a detailed information about a definite subject? ?) animated cartoon; ?) thriller; 2. ?) documentary; ?) trailer. ?) recipe; ?) instruction; 17. ?) announcement; ?) ad.Do you know that the English Queen, Elizabeth II, is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her official birthday is on the second Saturday in June. When is her real birthday? ?) on April 21; ?) on May 21; ?) on July 21; ?) on August 21. Choose one of the following as the appropriate reaction to the statement: My friend has seen this film already. ?) So I have; ?) So have I; ?) I so have; ?) I have so. 18. Do you know who gave Britain it s modern name? ?) the Romans; ?) the Anglo-Saxons; ?) the Celts; ?) the Dutch. 3. Who said:  «The world is a stage and people are merely actors »? ) R. Stevenson; ?) B. Show; ?) O. Wild; ?) W. Shakespeare. 19. Read the weather forecast and decide in what season this weather is expected to be: The South East will see the best of today’s weather. It will be warm, no winds, and sunshine nearly all day, with temperatures around ten or fifteen, so quite warm for the time of the year. 4. There are eight public holidays in Great Britain. Do you know that they are called: ?) Bank Holidays; ?) Festival Days; ?) Feast Days; ?) Carnival Days. ?) winter; ?) spring; 20. ?) summer; ?) autumn. You can find the name of these animals in the Red Book. ) rabbits; ?) foxes; ?) Indian tigers; ?) sharks. 5. Stonehenge is: ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient Canadian history; ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient British history; ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancien t Australian history; ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient American history. —————————————————-  «Ã‚ » Web-site: www. uclever. com, e-mail: [email  protected] com 4 6. John likes to spend much time in the open air.When he does his hobby for more than one day he takes a rucksack, a tent and a compass with him. Can you guess John’s hobby? ?) running; ?) fishing; ?) hiking; ?) swimming. 7. Which of the library rooms provides video and film circulation, and audiovisual equipment circulation? 10. Complete the following tongue-twister with an appropriate word: Swan swam over the sea, Swim, swan, swim! Swan swam back again. Well †¦ , swan! ?) swum; ?) swim; ?) swam; ?) swims. 11. Link the following paragraph with one of the cities listed below: This city is on the river Mersey.It’s famous for its football teams and for the Beatle s. ?) Cardiff; ?) Birmingham; ?) Manchester; ?) Liverpool. ?) the reading room; ?) the multimedia hall; ?) the book borrowing department; ?) catalogue. 12. The American traveller and scientist Lowell Thomas thinks that Grand Canyon, Glacier Bay, the Mammoth Cave, Victoria Falls, Baikal, Mountain Everest and Yellowstone National Park are: ?) seven Nature’s enigmas; ?) seven Nature’s wonders; ?) seven Nature’s gifts; ?) seven Nature’s mysteries. 8. Look at the following list of adjectives.Which would apply to a sportsman? ?) weak; ?) awkward; ?) enduring; ?) stout. 13. In which part of Britain do the men wear a kilt? ?) Wales; ?) England; ?) Scotland; ?) Ireland. 9. The following sentence contains an idiom. The key word is missing in the idiom. Choose the correct word: If you have any trouble with your homework, I'll be glad to give you a †¦ . 14. Match the first half of a proverb with an appropriate second half: Custom is †¦ ?) hand; ?) head; ?) hair; ?) hip. ?) the second habit; ?) the second nature; ?) the second manner; ?) the second tradition.

Is it Morally wrong for those under the age of 18 to play GTA V? Essay

Some people, mainly young over the age of eighteen , would say that people under the age of 18 shouldn’t play Grand Theft Auto five for many reasons. The main one is that they spend more time on there consoles playing those games then studying and working hard to complete homework tasks effectively. Some might suggest one of the those reasons would be that it is certified 18 and they would be breaking the law in playing that game. Another thing you could say is that GTA has sexual references and strong language and younger people shouldn’t be exposed to that rude behaviour. Some people already think the youth of today are over exposed to things they shouldn’t be exposed to like foul language and those types of sexual references. Another point that could be raised about this video game is it’s racial discrimination and it’s sexist views on the world. Girls especially would find that this game is offensive towards them in the way women are treated in this game regardless of it’s location or year it’s set in. Some people from different cultures my find this game offensive because of how different races are portrayed or how they are treated. Teachers would prefer children especially those in GCSE years to focus on their work instead of playing a silly video game which isn’t important in the long run but their grades are. Other people, mainly those under the age of 18, would argue this point. They would say it is okay to play GTA five because their family members or people around them play it. People in high school would say things like â€Å"We swear anyway.† or things like â€Å"It’s just a video game.† They like their parents or who ever let them play it in the first place would believe that it’s not like they’d re-enact these things that happen in the game in real life. Those playing the game would say that they don’t see the problem with the racist, sexist and discriminative views of this game. They might find those things give the game it’d character or make the game more interesting. They could also argue that even though it’s certified 18 it didn’t stop them playing the last Grand Theft Auto game or any other 18 rated game like some of the Call Of Duty games or even games like Borderlands two and that those games were never questioned about even if lots of people knew they were playing them I think that people under the age of 18 shouldn’t play GTA V because I believe that they should focus more on their studies especially towards the end of their teen age years where their school focus is more important on their exams than on a video game. I see that from a teacher point of view they would agree with that. From a girls point of view I believe that this game shouldn’t be played by under 18’s because it shows girls off in a bad light and is offensive to women. This game also shows ignorance towards different races and the difference between men and women. The discrimination between races and women shows that the people who create this game obviously didn’t intend for a younger audience.

El-Al Marketing Analysis

El-Al Marketing Analysis El-Al Marketing Analysis Table Of Content Chapter 1: Introduction Executive summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Chapter 2: An overview of the company Overview of the company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Definition of the business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Chapter 3: An analysis of the company’s business environment Firms industry and macro environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 The PEST Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10-12 The industries competitive situation using Porter’s 5 Forces†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13-15 Market segmentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16-17 ELAL’s Attractiveness †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Chapter 4: The Company’s Marketing Overview Mission Statement, Objectives and Values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 Marketing Mix (Four P’s)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 0 ELAL’s main problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21 Chapter 5: Recommendations and Summary Is the Company’s Marketing Mix in – tune with its markets and its objectives?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 22 Solutions to ELAL’s main problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 Summary and Conclusions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Appendix 1 – Boeing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 Appendix 2 – Code Sharing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 Chapter 1: Introduction Executive Summary 1. ELAL is the leading airline in Israel. In the past it was a government owned company until privatization commenced on 2003. 2. ELAL owned several dozen aircrafts, which are used for international and lately national flights as well. 3. ELAL hires thousands of employees and has several subsidiaries as well. 4. ELAL's narrative is defined by the ideal of being the number one airline for passengers from and to Israel. ELAL is constantly walking the thin line regarding the political status quo. ELAL maintains its religious crowd by keeping the Shabbat on one hand, and losing potential revenues by doing so. This narrative is implemented in the outline of ELAL's marketing agenda, ever claiming that it is Israel's national company and by launching numerous patriotic campaigns. As part of this agenda, ELAL serves kosher food as default. 5. ELAL is in a satisfying financial situation. ELAL is growing constantly; revenues, stock value, ROE and net value are growing in a healthy manner. The company survived impressively the latest financial crises. 6. ELAL prices its flights relatively expensive, offering the passengers non-compromising security, safety and service standards. As part of this agenda, ELAL keeps its technology in a state of the art level, using new and improved American planes. 7. ELAL offers transparent and non-transparent services, such as constant flyer benefits on one hand and code-share agreements on the other. ELAL could â€Å"hide† its disadvantages by exploiting the benefits that globalization offers, with emphasis on international collaboration and offering combined services to its clients such as hotels, car rentals and others. 8. ELAL's current and future challenges will be defined and influenced by the constant entrance of national and international competitors. ELAL will have to emphasize its advantages, maintain its technological and marketing images. Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/El_Al http://www. bizportal. co. il/shukhahon/bizcompbaalsump. shtml? p_id=1087824&am p;c_id=1152 http://www. elal. co. il/ELAL/Heasbrew/States/General/ . http://www. elal. co. il/NR/rdonlyres/2D943294-0735-4E30-9C7C-9FCDA40B23E7/0/FactSheet20092final. pdf http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=8nPXttPmNE0 Chapter 2: An overview of the company Overview of the company EL-Al (hereinafter â€Å"the company†) is one of the greatest Israeli symbols. It was one of the most famous trademarks of the small state. The company's story intertwined with Israel's origins. The company is operating in a â€Å"national† state of mind, aiming towards patriotic emotions based on the Israeli narrative of pride, safety and security. The company markets and considers itself as a national service provider, submitting itself to the whims and needs of the country. Not once the company has been involved in security or social operations (the joint confidential operation of bringing Ethiopian Jews to Israel), even in the price of losing money (i. e. not flying on the Shabbat), all in order of keeping the image of the national company. The company traditionally operated international flights alone, but lately it operates domestic ones as well. The company's headquarters and mother- airport are located in Israel's international airport â€Å"Ben-Gurion†. The company has evolved and changed throughout the years, and has varied its basic definition from a government organization to a private company. The privatization has been complete mid-2000's (that is less than 50% of company shares are kept in by the government). The 2nd decade of the 21st century will colored by security issues, ever growing competition and the continuation of the privatization process. It will be the first decade in the company's history that it will have to deal with strong competition over the Israeli customers, since the monopoly is finally over. EL-Al will have to adapt, and has already started, to a ruthless competitive market. This paper will deal with the company's strategies and marketing agenda and status. History â€Å"EL-AL Israel airways LTD. † was incorporated and became Israel's official airline company on November 1948. The company was incorporated as a national company fully owned by the government. The company's fleet was based on second hand American manufactured airplanes. In the first couple of years the company made only commercial passenger flights, and since 1950 it commenced cargo flights as well. The D. N. A of the company was heavily influenced by the political scene in Israel, creating an ongoing non-Sabbath flying and kosher food serving. One more influence that helped to position the company's image in Israeli society was â€Å"patriotic† and historical flights: bringing Jewish communities to the new states, from Arab countries and India. One memorable flight was the one bringing Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann. In the mid 50's EL-Al conducted two several actions: transatlantic flights and the purchasing of British airplanes. Later on a purchase of Boeing 707 was made. On 1960, for the first time, EL-Al became profitable. The 60's were a successful decade for the company, growing from year to year and demonstrating respectable financial figures. The good fortune of the company commenced at the end of the 60's. Security issues were magnified due to several terrorist attacks. EL-Al took some adventurous decisions, starting with the purchasing of expensive Boeing 747 aircrafts. The latter purchase was too expensive for the short run, as expenses exceeded revenues in a large magnitude. On top of things, due to inner political reasons EL-Al suffered strikes and some other political influences (see chapter). The most outlined event of the 80's was the collapse of the iron screen, revealing a wide spread bundle of new flight destinations. The 1990's were a decade of coming changes, as privatization voices started to be heard. These voices were boosted thanks to the uprising charter flights and decreasing numbers of tourists in Israel. Another major negative effect was the 25% increase in fuel prices. The uprising competition and environmental changes forced the company to tend towards the inevitable step of privatization. The privatization of EL-AL commenced in 2003. 15% of the company was offered to buy in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. This process continues as more and more shares held by the government were sold to the public. Definition of the business EL-AL is a publicly traded airline company. It is traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (â€Å"TASE†). EL-AL provides international and domestic flights. It also provides shipping services and touristic ones as well. General Details The company owns a 37 aircraft fleet, all manufactured by Boeing (737,747,757,767,777). The company flies to 38 non-stop service destinations worldwide and has 440 weekly departures. The company employs 5,847 workers and is one of the biggest in Israel in that factor. The company has business relationships in the form of code-share agreements () and domestic service tourism providers. The company has a frequent flyer club. The company conducts its financial reports by IAS 34, and has adopted the IFRS international code. The company is owned by several owners besides the public, and some of its owners are investment houses. The full control list is as follows: The company has increased its equity from 2010 q2 to q3 by 51. 65%, its revenues by 12. 57%, ROE by 81. 81% and net income by 186%. Chapter 3: An analysis of the company’s business environment Firms industry and its macro environment The business environment in which ELAL is performing is the civil international aviation arena from and to Israel. Political Environment – The company competes with other 103 flight companies that work within the Israeli territory. ELAL, which started as a governmental company, worked and still working according to the government decision since 1977, this decision, determined that ELAL will not work or fly neither on Shabbat nor on Jewish holidays and therefore it does not fulfill its maximum revenues potential. ELAL is the leading aviation company that works within the Israeli territory flying in and out of Israel. Social Environment – ELAL owns several subsidiary companies, which deal with a variety of complementary goods and services for the aviation world. One its main fields is cheap flight to Europe operated by the subsidiary company – San d’Or, which in 2009 increased its revenues by 2%, comparing to the previous year. Another major field is the food industry provided by the subsidiary company â€Å"Tama†m & Burenstein Catering†. This company deals with producing and supplying food to airplanes – controlled by ELAL’s management. ELAL has many more subsidiary companies in the following areas: renting flight supplies, transportation of cargo and maintenance, selling duty free products and converting currencies during its flights. Seasonal changes in this area and the fact that the world is becoming a global village forces ELAL to adjust itself to a hostile and competitive business environment. It obligates ELAL to recognize new niches in the market, following persistency in finding new company skills, improvement in existing ones, and adjusting human resource. These factors can bring ELAL to be a leading company with a competitive advantage that will keep it ahead of its competitors. The PEST Model Political * ELAL, as a governmental company that was privatized (2005) still relies on political decisions affecting its business choices. One of the best examples is that the company was anchored in the Government Companies Law. As a result, there is a consistent political intervention when referring to taking business actions. A few years ago, ELAL had to decide whether to stick with one airplane supplier – the American Boeing (Appendix1) – and to renounce the European airplane supplier – Airbus. After examining the business aspect, it decided to equip itself with the Airbus airplanes due to their more attractive price and cheaper maintenance costs. However, in 2004 the U. S. overnment pressured the Israeli government (ELAL’s owner back then) into working exclusively with Boeing and therefore ELAL did not have any other choice but to do just that. * Until 1992, ELAL flew seven days a week until a political decision was made – to prohibit flying during Shabbat and Jewish holidays. As a consequence, ELAL’s operational time decreased by 15%. In fact, after 2005 when the company w as privatized, it was decided that even though they were no obligated to do so, ELAL would keep the Status-Quo by respecting the Shabbat law (a strategic way to gain religious public adherence). Israel is geographically located in one of the problematic areas in the world, surrounded by hostile Arab countries. As a consequence, ELAL is forced to extend its flying course to its different destinations. The fact that Israel does not have good relations with many countries in the world, limits ELAL’s destinations. Moreover, the delicate security situation in Israel forces ELAL to make excessive security examinations within Israel and overseas. This security policy creates a massive cost to the company. As a result, today ELAL is well-known for its security achievements. Economical * The Global Village – the world is becoming a big global village. People are flying more and more, from and to many places. As a consequence of improvement in financial opportunities and shorter flight duration, they divide their vacations into many small vacations during the year. This economical factor brings to abundance in the financial situation in general and in the flying industry in particular. Nowadays ELAL is focusing on international destinations being affected by the world wide economical changes, such as last financial crisis in 2007. The competition with many other flight companies is growing intensively. ELAL must take action in order not to fail in the competition, usually this means either to lower prices drastically or reducing operating expenses. * There is an ongoing decrease in the incoming tourism for the last decade. Due to security and political situation in Israel, many tourists prefer either to fly with foreign companies or not to fly to I srael at all. According to statistics, in 2009 2M tourists visited Israel, a decrease of 6% from 2008. * Increase in gasoline prices had raised ELAL’s flight tickets prices by 5% to 10%. Social The financial recession was supposed to decrease the financial options to the public and so decrease the amount of Israelis traveling abroad. Nevertheless, there has been a large increase in Israelis travelers overseas at about 10% a year. This fact shows the change in Israeli consumption habits. It seems the Israeli, men and women, have more free time than ever which allows them to plan their leisure time. * The climate in Israel enables worldwide tourism to come to Israel in all seasons. The night life is longer and safer than many other places in the world – tourists who visit Israel enjoy this social freedom. The value of life and death is quite different in Israel due to struggle for survivor. Security and safety are very important and are overvalued by the customers and EL AL has a reputation regarding these issues. * Environmental awareness – *** Today’s social trend is to be green and clean. ELAL collaborates and support many green organizations and encourages youth into creating new green-tech. This promotes ELAL as an environmental friendly company while increasing public’s adherence. * Kosher food – one of ELAL’s largest audiences is the Jewish religious people. Their demand is for kosher food and ELAL is one of the only companies which provide such an option. ELAL is very tolerant to this public and therefore it gives a competitive advantage. Technology * ELAL’s airplane equipment is more sophisticated, its activation is cheaper than ever, expenses are lower and the personal service within the plane technologically wise is a step ahead from many other companies. The race over the heart and pocket of the average customers brings ELAL into a major efficiency while decreasing the market price. ELAL’s website – in the era of internet ELAL began to sell tickets through its website and its entire marketing propaganda took few steps further. In the long run, the website exposes the audience to very important and relevant details that are handier. This obviously minimized the number of flight agents while transforming them into tourist advisors. The revolution of the customer service is relying now on the innovation in technolo gy. This improves the commercial interaction between company and the customer. The industries competitive situation using Porter’s 5 Forces The threat of the entry of new competitors ELAL owns the largest market segment in the Israeli aviation field and therefore it has to create many barriers to eliminate new competitors. The company accomplished that by having full control over a variety of goods and services such as transporting passengers and baggage, a variety of destinations and high security level. There are many factors that make it difficult for other competitors to enter the market: * Initial investment – in order to found a new aviation company, it is necessary to have sufficient capital for buying airplane navy and technological infrastructures. Moreover, there is a large depreciation over the equipment this field. The maintenance of an airplane company can sometimes appear to be luxurious one but not necessarily a profitable one. * Fuel costs – jet fuel costs are 50% out of the operational cost. * Legal barrier – flight companies are responsible for licensing and employees’ training in order to keep the pilots and technicians qualified. * Economic factor- the aviation industry is one of the first to be affected from financial crises and can easily be exposed to bankruptcy. For instance, the last financial crisis in 2007 made major decrease in the tourism industry and therefore the demand for flying decreased and many aviation companies went bankrupted over the world. * Aviation Clubs – in the last decade, aviation companies have created clubs in which encouraged passengers to fly with certain companies by gaining points and getting free tickets to fly within specific companies. This created a huge barrier for new companies which wanted to enter the market. The competition in this field is very intense and competes on passengers’ benefits, flight courses, and variety of destinations and level of service. ELAL’s strategy for combating this competition is: 1. Flexibility in scheduling flights according to different seasons and international events (holidays, Olympic Games, sport events, high season-low season, etc. ) 2. Increasing flight frequencies to popular destinations by increasing the number of co-sharing flights (cooperation with other companies). 3. A consistent improvement of services within the flight, especially the comfort of the seats, quality of food and entertainment during flights. Most of the focus goes to First Class. 4. Frequent flyer club – ELAL has found a club in which it compensates its member with highly valued benefits like seat-upgrading, flight tickets discounts, etc. 5. Promoting them through worldwide advertisement. The bargaining power of customers (buyers) The customer thrives to push prices down and quality of services up. The power of the customer depends on the added value he gives to the company. The option to choose from a large variety flight companies is a threat to ELAL. A constant recession can decrease the loyalty of one customer to a certain aviation company because some other companies will offer lower prices. In this case, he will obviously choose the cheaper company to fly with. The bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is different from the bargaining power of the customers. The suppliers push prices up while decreasing quality of their products and services. ELAL is very much affected from the competition existing in the field and depending on its suppliers that would make it difficult for ELAL to maintain the level of their service quality and competitive prices. Many of ELAL’s suppliers have exclusivity in their field and the knowledge that they have, made them powerful against ELAL. The fact that many of ELAL’s suppliers are also it subsidiaries, increases its profitability and neutralizes the bargaining power of these suppliers. However, the aviation field has two main suppliers (that are not subsidiaries to ELAL): jet fuel suppliers and airplanes suppliers. In Israel there are only a few jet fuel suppliers whereas abroad the suppliers are many, and the decision of buying fuel from one supplier depends on price and not on an exclusive supplier. Aviation companies in Israel have a weak bargaining power against fuel suppliers as a consequence of political issues that affect the price of fuel. There are two main airplane suppliers in the world – the American Boeing and the European Airbus. ELAL has on its behalf airplanes made by Boeing only, as we mentioned before due to American pressure over the Israelis in the days when the company was owned by the government. This kind of relationships between governments created a dependency on one supplier with a high level of bargaining power in a market which is limited in the first place. The threat of substitute products or services ELAL offers its customers a variety of permanent destinations all over the world. Moreover, through its subsidiary San D’or, ELAL offers a variety of flights to seasonal destinations flying on weekends and holidays. Goods and services given in parallel fields are called substitute products. These products have a major power influencing management decisions due to the possibility the customer will decide to put his money in another company (in another substitute product). A substitute can demolish a company. A substitute product for Aviation Company like ELAL is the low cost aviation companies as EasyJet, Arkia Express, etc. These companies reduce flight ticket’s prices (30-50 Euro) by charging only for the flight itself and any other service is being paid extra (luggage, food, drinks, etc. ). ELAL invests millions of dollars in a good and full service that will bring its customers to their destiny. The price factor sometimes defeats the comfort and the quality of service and leads to harming ELAL profitability. The intensity of competitive rivalry The aviation industry has many leading companies all over the world, where each one strives to have a significant differentiation which will attract customers’ hearts and pockets and enlarge their market segment. Barriers to exit – ELAL have â€Å"code sharing† with many foreign airlines (Appendix2). As a result, it has full access to internal information of these companies, which enables it to know about the activity of its competitors. Similarly, ELAL’s delicate information is accessible for its competitors. If ELAL decides to breach the code-sharing with the other companies, its future is doomed (ELAL may decide the barriers to exit are too significant and will be forced to continue the code-sharing). As previously mentioned, ELAL has many share-codes with foreign airline which its customers and employees can fly with (with same conditions they would have got from ELAL). This corporation provides full accessible information of flight and price on-line. This accessibility improves ELAL profitability. Target Market Potential Market Addressable Market Target Market Potential Market Addressable Market Total Market Total Market Market segmentation Macro segmentation Total Market – A group of people sharing the same characteristics that cause them to have similar needs – to fly from one place to another. Potential Market – Men and women, all ages, with no prohibition to fly (pregnancy, heart patients, etc. ), who want to fly from one place to another. Addressable Market – Men and women, all ages, with no prohibition to fly (pregnancy, heart patients, etc. ), who want to fly from and to Israel. Target Market – Men and women, all ages, with no prohibition to fly (pregnancy, heart patients, etc. ), who want to fly from and to Israel and can afford it. People who live geographically close to ELAL’s destinations. Micro segmentation – potential audience Business * Age: 30-70 years old. Occupation: Business men and women who have international businesses. * Lifestyle: Usually â€Å"Frequent Flyer† members who fly on behalf of their companies. A population who usually flies in Business and First Class. Pleasure * Age: 13to 18: family trips; 21 to 30: backpacking, vacations and trips. * Occupation: Students and families. * Lifestyle: Due to the variet y of ages in this segment, there are all kinds of lifestyles (with average+ income). Religion The Jewish religious businessmenfamily members from all over the world choose to fly ELAL due to its policies regarding kosher food and respecting Shabbat. This is a very dominant sector among ELAL customers and therefore ELAL treats this segment with delicacy and tries to be as religious oriented as possible. ELAL strives to be as least mass marketed as possible by approaching its different segments that we mentioned separately. Nevertheless, its last commercial advertisement with Omri Casspi, approaches all three segments by arousing the sense of Zionism among all. This is an emotional commercial which emphasizes that ELAL is the leading national airline in Israel. ELAL’s Attractiveness ELAL is in the business of civil international aviation arena from and to Israel. It is quite straight forward that the overall industry attractiveness does not apply that every firm in the field will return the same profitability. Firms are able to apply their core competence, businesses model to achieve a profit above the industry average. After examining Porter’s five forces, we analyzed ELAL’s attractiveness within its industry. Backward vertical integration: dealing with supplier bargaining power ELAL acted wisely when buying most of its suppliers and neutralizing their power. However, when considering the industry, most of the money is in the jet fuel industry and airplane suppliers. If ELAL could buy these suppliers, it would have a huge competitive advantage among its competitors. Nowadays, ELAL does not have the means to buy such companies (like Boeing) and we would not suggest doing so. Forwards vertical integration: Nowadays, ELAL does not â€Å"control† its customers but rather the customers choose ELAL. ELAL has the option of buying tourists companies (such as Ista), online purchasing flying tickets companies (such as netravel. com). By doing so, ELAL can increase its profitability and customer flow. The fact that tourist-agencies are becoming old-fashioned, more and more people are buying flight ticket via websites, ELAL could create a significant competitive advantage by buying these sites. This would obviously make ELAL more attractive above the industry average. Horizontal integration: As we mentioned in the threat of substitute products or services, ELAL main threat is the low-cost companies that offer cheaper prices by offering only the flight itself with no additional services. This â€Å"product† is targeted to a segment which ELAL has not addressed yet. These clients seek for short flights within Europe or the U. S. with the most attractive price. Nowadays ELAL does not offer such product and by merging with such low-cost company, they would probably increase its profitability and addressed a new unutilized market segment. Chapter 4: The Company’s Marketing Overview Mission Statement, Objectives and Values ELAL has set many targets, which the main one is to operate as an integral part in the global aviation competitive world, while keeping its uniqueness as an international airline company of Israel. In addition, ELAL is defining the following goals: 1. Uncompromising level of service 2. First priority – safety and security of the passengers 3. Investing in its employees – high level of training, focus on their welfare in order to promote the company’s success. Happy employees = successful company. 4. Promoting profitability by innovation and initiative, maximizing shareholders’ wealth. 5. Be an integral and significant company in the international aviation world, while keeping it uniqueness as the Israeli national leading airline. 6. Prioritizing the destinations according to profitably and customer demand. 7. Maintaining only new airplanes. . Efficiency and saving – retirement plans, reducing the number of offices overseas. ELAL defined the aforementioned goals as part of â€Å"ELAL’s 2010 project† and is going to achieve these goals by implementing its vision. ELAL’s vision * To lead the aviation market in Israel and to be the first choice for all customers traveling to and from Israel. * To be a winning, profitable and successful commercial company that excels in all areas of activity. * To provide the highest level of uncompromised quality service, for the benefit of its customers, employees and share holders. Marketing Mix (Four P’s) The marketing mix is the combination of several techniques that are bring used in order to achieve marketing strategy and goals. Product * Products – ELAL offers the service of national and international flights. * Variety of products – Different levels of services – Economy class, Business class and First. * Services – ELAL is very service oriented. It offers its client a high level of service starting even before flight: purchasing tickets online, express online check in, luggage pick up, duty free on board, lounge and Frequent Flyer Club. Pricing ELAL does not attempt to be a low cost company and therefore its prices cannot compete with such companies but rather with full service flying companies. It is known that ELAL’s tickets are not cheap but whoever chooses to fly with ELAL knows he will get a return on his money. * Frequent Flyer members receive free upgrades and free ticket according to their mileage. * ELAL â€Å"spontany† – a new service ELAL offers is the last minutes flights with lower prices. This is oriented for spontaneous people who don’t want to settle for service but do not want to spend much on the ticket. Promotion * ELAL promoted itself via a various media means – TV commercials, outdoor adds, Newsletters for its club members, collaboration with credit card companies which offer ELAL’s points * ELAL promotes itself as the national Israeli airline by being the official transporting airline to public organizations (like the Israeli football delegation) and well known personalities (like the President). Place * ELAL’s destinations are wisely chosen according to demand. It operates in international and principal airports accessible to many other destinations. SWOT Analysis Strength * A variety of services and goods (â€Å"Fun Day†, â€Å"ELAL Spontany†) that enables to attract many segments in the market. * ELAL is an international brand in the field of security and safety. * Kosher food and respecting Shabbat. * Many corporations with other international airlines. * Only one airplane supplier. | Weaknesses: * Does not operate on Shabbat and on holidays. * Unstable security situation in Israel reduces number of customers. * High prices relatively to the market. * ELAL does not maintain constant collaboration with agencies abroad and loses potential market. Geographically Israel is located between hostile countries which extends the flight courses and enlarge the duration of the flights, increase fuel expenses, etc. | Opportunities * ELAL e-ticket purchased online saves time and money and enlarges potential clients. * ELAL’s high reputation reduces advertisement expenses. * ELAL’s website is a commercial platform which reduce s advertisement expenses. | Threats * Low cost companies offering cheap flying tickets. * As the Israeli national airline, ELAL is exposed to terror attacks on its airplanes. * The increasing prices of fuel| ELAL’s main problems Keeping the Status Quo – ELAL does not operate on Shabbat and holidays. The company loses 15% of operational time due to its commitment to the status quo which allows other companies to enjoy ELALs customers. Expending variety of services – ELAL is exposed to a severe competition with low-cost companies. Such companies offer flights with no other extra services, airplane as an transporting mean and no more than that. Chapter 5: Recommendations and Summary Is the Company’s Marketing Mix in – tune with its markets and its objectives? We find the company's marketing mix in tune. The company provides its products in relatively high prices. Following the latter, the prices are a derivative of security and social aspects as described. The company pays relatively high salaries in order to obtain the level of service. Although privatized, the company maintains its objective to be the â€Å"national company† of Israel, first by slogans and continued by ads and commercials: i. e. the latest commercial staring NBA player Omri Casspi, who is, as ELAL wants to be, a national pride and patriotic icon. ELAL has a much focused hub-oriented hub airport destinations, which are by definition very attractive ones. Solutions to ELAL’s main problems Keeping the Status Quo Solution: On the one hand, if ELAL decides to break the status quo, it can realize its potential market and become equal to its competitors and even create an additional competitive advantage. On the other hand, this delicate issue can create antagonism among religious passengers who are a dominant factor to ELAL. This is a problematic situation which still should be considered in order to maximize ELAL’s profitability. Expending variety of services Solution: ELAL should examine the option of offering this kind of service in order to provide its customers a larger variety of services. For example, ELAL can operate a weekly flight to various destinations according to the low cost policy. By entering such a market, ELAL could enlarge its segment markets. This kind of decision could have a positive effect but also damage ELAL’s reputation. Summary and Conclusions As a small state, Israel does not have many commercial or social icons. Maccabi Tel Aviv, high tech and the Dead Sea are few that could be mentioned. ELAL is another one. As part of the Israeli pathos, ELAL played an important role in Israel's short history. ELAL has evolved from a national owned company with all that entails (unions, heavy politics, non-profit environment etc. ) to a profitable and role model airline. ELAL determined a strategy based on the evolving and more competitive environment around it and thrives for profit maximization as well as keeping its image as the national airline in Israel. To do the latter, ELAL determined prices, strategic agenda and image by the aforementioned guidelines. The future will tell whether ELAL would be able to deal with the challenges of tightened security, growing competition and ever changing political environment; up to now, it seems to be on the right track. Appendix1 – Boeing | | *Boeing 737 – 700 ; 800| Total in service:  11 ; 2 Range:  4870  km Engines:  C. F. M. Cruising speed:  873kph/Mach 0. 8 Length:  110ft (33. 6m) ; 129ft (39. 5m) Wingspan:  112ft,(34. 5m)  | |   | | Boeing 747 – 200  | Total in service:  1 Cargo Range:  10000 km Engines:  Four Pratt ; Whitney Cruising speed:  917kph/Mach 0. 84 Length:  231ft 11ins,(70. 7m) Wingspan:  195ft 9in,(59. 6m)| | | *Boeing 777 – 200| Total in service:  6 Range:  12670 km Engines:  Rolls Royce Cruising speed:  864kph/Mach 0. 83 Length:  209ft 1ins(63. 7m) Wingspan:  199ft 11ins,(60. 9m)  Ã‚  | |   | | *  Boeing 747 – 400| Total in service:  6 Range:  11860  km Engines:  Four Pratt ; Whitney Cruising speed:  927kph/Mach 0. 85 Length:  231ft 11ins,(70. 7m) Wingspan:  213ft,(64. 9m)  | | | *Boeing 767| Total in service:  8 Range:  10000 km Engines:  Two Pratt ; Whitney Cruising speed:  873kph/Mach 0. 8 Length:  159ft 2ins,(48. 5m) Wingspan:  156ft,(47. 6m)  | |   | | *  Boeing 757  | Total in service:  5 Range:  6100  km Engines:  Two Rolls Royce Cruising speed:  873kph/Mach 0. 8 Length:  155ft 3ins,(47. 3m) Wingspan:  124ft, 10ins,(37. 9m)  | | Appendix2 – Code Sharing Airlines| Destination| | American Airlines – Code Share flights operated by AA from Europe to the USA and flights operated by AA within the USA. To view the list of destinations. |   | Iberia – Flights between Tel-Aviv and Barcelona or